You finally decided that enough is enough—it is time to take your health seriously! This time, you’re going for a steady, disciplined, and holistic strategy instead of just chasing wellness trends. You want healthy habits that can last you a lifetime. But health, fitness, diet, and longevity are far more complicated than you thought. The reality is that, like it or not, timing really does matter. You’re finally starting to exercise regularly and not skipping strength workouts. You managed to fix your erratic sleep schedule and minimize your stress levels. You’re prioritizing your social life to increase your longevity. And you’re eating quality food, getting enough protein, avoiding processed junk, and staying hydrated. Everything seems to be going swell. But the fact is that it’s not just important that you do something, but also how and when you do it. Especially when it comes to the food you eat. Mealtimes are an often-neglected question. That’s where chrononutrition comes in. Let’s get into what chrononutrition actually is, why mealtimes are so important for your health, what happens if you get the timing wrong, and what you can do literally today to get one step closer toward a healthier, more energetic, disease-free, and less-stressful life. Nadin Sh/Pexels (not the actual photo) In a nutshell, chrononutrition looks at the relationship between when you ingest food and your body’s internal 24-hour clock, aka the circadian rhythm. It studies how the timing, frequency, and regularity of meals all affect your health in the context of your metabolism and biological activity. Consistency and awareness of how your body’s metabolism functions are vital here. If you are binging fast food meals at night, snacking your way through the day, and avoiding any sort of regular mealtimes at all, you’re building yourself up for failure. In other words, if you have the dietary habits of a raccoon who just started college, you’re putting needless stress on your body and increasing the risk of serious health issues. Eating a bigger meal in the morning, a decent-sized lunch, and a small(er) dinner may be the healthiest thing to do. On the flip side, skipping breakfast, having a light lunch, and gorging yourself at dinner can do more harm than good. Of course, everybody is different, so you need to consider what’s genuinely good for you personally based on your biology. That being said, these general guidelines are likely to be more in sync with how your metabolism functions. Chrononutrition can help your body process food better and improve your health. It can also reduce the risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. One study review found that our food intake patterns interact with our circadian rhythms to affect things like energy balance, glucose and lipid metabolism, and cardiometabolic risk. The researchers explain that our circadian system, “which includes a central clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and peripheral clocks in metabolic tissues,” regulates our physiological functions on a 24-hour cycle. To put it simply, light affects our central clock. Meanwhile, our feeding schedules affect peripheral clocks. “Disrupting this alignment—common in modern lifestyles involving shift work or late-night eating—can impair hormonal rhythms, reduce insulin sensitivity, and promote adiposity.” Broadly speaking, even if you’re not restricting your calories, if you confine your food intake mostly to the morning or early afternoon, you can control your weight better. You also improve the efficiency of your mitochondria (the powerhouse of the cell!), and benefit your glycemic regulation and lipid profiles. The groups of people who are particularly vulnerable to circadian disruption are teenagers, older adults, and night-shift workers. But changing when you eat is a very low-cost strategy to improve your metabolism. The same meal eaten earlier can be better for you. Ira Trubova/Pexels (not the actual photo) Small changes in your mealtimes drastically affect your body even if you don’t restrict your caloric intake. A general rule of thumb that you should follow is to eat all of your meals earlier rather than later. Researcher Marta Garaulet, from the University of Murcia in Spain, found that eating lunch earlier in the day led to more weight loss than eating lunch later. That means that two different people who eat the same things every day can lose weight at different rates depending on when they decide to eat their food. Generally speaking, your body processes food much less efficiently right before bed than if you ingest it earlier. Frank Scheer, a professor of medicine and neuroscientist at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts, explained to the BBC that the reason why eating food at a different time of the day has such an impact is that “we're not the same person in the morning and the evening from a biological point of view.” For instance, when you eat food when your body’s internal clock tells you it’s time to sleep can lead to a biological mismatch, or ‘circadian misalignment’ if you want to sound fancy. “If you eat when melatonin is elevated in the evening, your glucose control is going to be impaired.” In some individuals, this can increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Another issue with eating later in the day is that it can disrupt your hormones and make you feel hungrier the next day. Not to mention that mealtimes also affect how we store fat in our bodies. Later mealtimes lead to cells storing fat instead of allowing it to break down. This can, in turn, result in weight problems. It’s not just lunch and dinner that matter, though. When it comes to breakfast, eating it earlier versus later can reduce your risk of cardiovascular disease. Michael Burrows/Pexels (not the actual photo) Naturally, you have to take into account what your chronotype is. According to Giovanna Muscogiuri, an assistant professor at the University of Naples Federico II in Italy, morning-type individuals tend to follow a Mediterranean diet. Meanwhile, evening types tend to delay meals and eat energy-dense food later in the day. Furthermore, morning types have earlier peaks in insulin sensitivity. What’s more, they also have an earlier release of melatonin. Evening types eat later and, therefore, have worse glucose control and weight gain issues. So, if you happen to be a night owl, one of the best things you can do is eat earlier in the day, contrary to what your instincts tell you. Muscogiuri also emphasized that sleep deprivation can lead to overeating and choosing energy-dense foods. This results in weight gain. Overall, you want to be regular and consistent with your meal times. Eat your fiber-rich carbs and fruits earlier in the day when your body can process them more efficiently. In the evening, go for lighter, protein-rich foods. You might also want to add nuts and seeds to your dinner menu because they can help improve your sleep. Protein sources rich in tryptophan, like salmon, chicken, and tuna, can also boost your sleep quality. destiawan nur agustra/Pexels (not the actual photo) The good news is that getting chrononutrition right is quite straightforward. The bad news is that forming new habits is in no way easy. Research shows that it takes an average of 2 months to form a new habit. However, the time it takes to make a new behavior automatic can vary widely depending on its complexity, how consistently you practice it, and your personal strengths and weaknesses. For example, if you have spent the better part of your life eating whatever and whenever you want, with no regard for nutrition or mealtimes, you will have a much harder time changing than someone with regular mealtimes and a basic understanding of a balanced diet. Whatever your personal situation, you don’t want to metaphorically bite off more than you can chew. Tiny, incremental changes that snowball into something bigger are a far more stable strategy than trying to overhaul everything about your life, all at once. Developing truly healthy lifestyle habits that can last you a lifetime will, realistically, take months and even years of change. So, it’s best to get started with making those changes right now. pikisuperstar/Magnific (not the actual photo) How you react to any dietary mistakes you make (which are unavoidable) will reveal a lot about your mindset. People with a growth mindset see setbacks as opportunities to grow and learn. They understand that they are capable of change through effort. Individuals with a fixed mindset, on the other hand, think that it’s too late to change and that real change might be impossible. They want to avoid failure, which leads to stagnation. At the end of the day, if you want to make your health a priority, embracing chrononutrition and making your mealtimes more consistent is only going to help you. Of course, this isn’t a panacea. You also need to work on all the other stuff, too, from your exercise and sleep habits to your social life, stress-control, hydration, and other dietary habits. Remember that poor sleep tends to lead to worse eating habits because you are exhausted. All the while, remember that any health advice you see is merely a set of guidelines. There are no definitive, universal pieces of advice because people’s bodies are different. You have to have the mind of a scientist and be willing to experiment with what actually works for you. In the meantime, talk to your doctor before making serious lifestyle changes, especially if you’re struggling with serious health issues. But the awesome news is that if you’re willing to give chrononutrition a low-key try, you can do it today. Make healthy changes one day and one meal at a time. Regularly eat your breakfast, lunch, and dinner earlier in the day, not later. Eat a lighter meal in the evening, and opt for something rich in protein. You’ll be glad you made the switch. And just so you know, you’re not alone. I’m already opting for earlier meals throughout the day and changing their composition, and I already feel more energized and less sluggish. So, a show of hands: who’s hungry?
