#1 This Pic Is Not Photoshopped, Despite The Person Looking So Transparent
In February 2015, the internet briefly forgot about everything else it was supposed to be doing and dedicated itself entirely to a photograph of a dress. The dress appeared to some people as white and gold, and to others as blue and black, with such absolute certainty on both sides that friendships were tested, relationships were strained, and the entire concept of shared reality took a brief but meaningful hit.
Scientists eventually explained that the disagreement came down to how individual visual systems interpret ambient light and shadow; some brains automatically compensate for a warm light source and see blue and black, while others compensate the opposite way and see white and gold. The dress was, for the record, blue and black. The white and gold people have never fully recovered.
In 1983, David Copperfield appeared to make the Statue of Liberty vanish on live television, and the world lost its whole mind. The actual explanation is considerably less supernatural but no less impressive as a feat of engineering and deception. The live studio audience was seated on a revolving platform hidden behind giant pillars.
While a curtain was raised and the drama built, the platform imperceptibly rotated the audience's angle until the statue was simply hidden behind one of the support towers. At this point, the curtain dropped to reveal an empty space that was never actually empty. Nobody moved the Statue of Liberty. The audience moved. The entire illusion was just a lesson in misdirection and our gullibility.
But optical illusions are nothing new, and Hans Holbein the Younger painted 'The Ambassadors' in 1533, and somewhere in the lower half of this otherwise stately double portrait of two French diplomats, he hid something extraordinary. Stretched diagonally across the bottom of the canvas is a human skull that simply looks like a smear across the bottom.
Step to the far right of the painting and view it at an extreme angle, and the skull snaps into perfect, startling focus. The technique is called anamorphic perspective, and Holbein deployed it with the quiet confidence of a man who knew exactly what he was doing and very much wanted to be the cleverest person in any room he had ever been in. He was, on the evidence, correct.
Another viral moment came from the "frozen plane" video in which an aircraft appeared to be completely stationary in midair, hanging in the sky like it simply decided not to move. People were freaking out, 100% convinced the matrix was real, and they were stuck in it.
When a fast-moving aircraft was filmed from a vehicle traveling in roughly the same direction at a comparable speed, the relative motion between the two cancels out, and it is a phenomenon called the parallax effect. And the plane appears to hover motionless against the sky. Your brain sees motion relative to the background, not absolute speed. Which is, in retrospect, a significant design flaw.
The Shroud of Turin brings optical illusions to religion. As if we needed that! It is a linen cloth bearing faint markings that many believers interpret as the face and body of Jesus Christ. Psychologists and vision scientists classify what people see in the shroud as pareidolia, the brain's powerful, deeply ingrained tendency to find familiar patterns, particularly human faces, in ambiguous or incomplete visual information.
It is the same phenomenon that makes people see faces in clouds, wood grain, and toast. The brain is not malfunctioning when it does this. It is doing exactly what it was designed to do, identify human faces as quickly and confidently as possible, even when the evidence is extremely thin. Whether that explains the shroud entirely is, of course, a question well above the pay grade of an optical illusions article.
Magic Eye images defined the 1990s and caused more squinting than any other publishing phenomenon in history. They are the result of a surprisingly long chain of scientific development. The stereoscope was invented in 1840, and vision scientist Christopher Tyler figured out in the 1970s how to hide a 3D image within a single repeating pattern rather than two separate images.
And then in 1993, the official Magic Eye brand launched with a book that spent over a year on the New York Times bestseller list, turning cutting-edge visual neuroscience into something you could buy at a mall and stare at for twenty minutes without seeing anything, while the person next to you claimed to see a dolphin immediately and you decided you no longer trusted them as a person.
