Although cats come in all shapes, sizes, and flavors, they often carry the reputation of being little jerks. But as someone who’s been a cat parent for many years, I can say with confidence, that’s just bad PR.
Sure, some are mischievous, but many are also sweet, loyal, and calm companions. And when a cat does swat or hiss, it’s often just them setting a boundary we didn’t notice. Like us, every cat has its own personality, influenced by a mix of nature and nurture.
In fact, science shows just how much a cat’s personality matters, not only for how they act but also for their health.
For example, psychologist Karen Wu, Ph.D., wrote in Psychology Today that fearful cats may have lower immune function, making them more prone to illnesses like upper respiratory infections.
On the other hand, bold cats are more likely to get into fights and risk contracting FIV, while overly friendly cats face a higher chance of picking up feline leukemia through grooming and close contact.
Because of this, researchers have spent decades studying feline temperament. In 2020, they reviewed 30 years of studies and identified several factors that can affect a cat’s personality.
One major factor is early life socialization. During the first 2–12 weeks, the way kittens are raised strongly affect who they become later on.
For example, kittens who have lots of positive interactions with humans during that time are less likely to be wary of people and tend to grow into friendlier adults. Exposure to a variety of household sounds, smells, and sights also helps them develop into more confident and well-adjusted cats.
Physical traits may be linked too.
Orange males tend to be larger and more social, while tortoiseshell and calico cats are often reported as more feisty. Long-haired breeds may be calmer, possibly because breeders favored cats that were more tolerant of grooming.
Still, stereotypes might influence these perceptions as much as biology.
Breed itself seems to be an even stronger predictor of temperament.
Take the British Shorthair: research shows they’re generally less active, less aggressive, and less sociable—traits that could make them a great match for quieter, introverted households.
Even at the genetic level, personality differences show up. One example is the oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR), which has been linked to bonding and empathy in humans and dogs. Recent research suggests it may also play a role in how sociable cats are.
Another clue lies in how cats respond to stress. Some are proactive copers—curious, bold, and at times even a little aggressive. Others are more reactive, choosing to hide or withdraw when they feel overwhelmed.
